<h3 class="serif">Introduction</h3> Printers are important computer output devices that convert digital information into a permanent physical form known as hard copy. They allow users to obtain printed text, images, charts, and graphics on paper. Unlike monitors, which show temporary output, printers create records that can be stored, shared, signed, or reviewed without the need for a computer or electricity. <div class="gap"></div> Printers play a vital role in offices, educational institutions, banks, hospitals, and homes. Documents such as reports, invoices, assignments, receipts, and photographs are commonly produced using printers. Despite the growth of digital technology, printers remain essential because many official and legal tasks ...

<h3 class="serif">Introduction</h3> Monitors and display devices are crucial computer output components that present visual information to the user in the form of text, graphics, images, and videos. They allow users to see the results of processing tasks, interact with software, and view multimedia content. Monitors are often the primary interface between a user and the computer system. <div class="gap"></div> Display devices convert electrical signals from the computer into visual form. They are used in desktops, laptops, gaming systems, ATMs, kiosks, and many digital screens that people interact with every day. Modern display technologies have evolved significantly, offering higher clarity, faster refresh rates, and ...

<h3 class="serif">Introduction</h3> Computer output devices are hardware components that receive processed data from a computer and present it to the user in a usable form. These devices convert digital signals into visual, audio, or physical output so that users can understand the results of computer operations. Output devices play a vital role in human–computer interaction and make computing meaningful. <div class="gap"></div> Output devices do not perform data processing themselves; instead, they work as communication tools between the computer system and the user. Without them, a computer would remain unable to convey information effectively. <div class="gap"></div> <h3 class="serif">Purpose of Output Devices</h3> The primary purpose of output devices ...

<h3 class="serif">Introduction</h3> Computer devices for the hand are input devices that allow users to interact with a computer system using hand movements, touch, or handheld tools. These devices make computer interaction more natural, intuitive, and efficient by reducing the gap between human actions and digital responses. <div class="gap"></div> Hand-based devices are widely used in personal computing, mobile devices, gaming, education, and professional applications. They help users control, select, draw, write, and manipulate digital content easily. <div class="gap"></div> <h3 class="serif">Overview of Hand-Based Input Devices</h3> <ul class="w3-padding" style="list-style-type:disc"> <li>Pen-based input devices</li> <li>Touch screens</li> <li>Game controllers</li> </ul> <div class="gap"></div> <h3 class="serif">Pen-Based Input Devices</h3> Pen-based input devices, such as stylus pens, ...

What is Oersted's Law? Oersted's Law states that when a steady electric current passes through a wire it creates a magnetic field around it. Who developed Oersted's Law? Danish physicist Hans Christian Oersted (1777-1851), investigated and found the mathematical law which governs how strong the field was, which is now called Oersted's Law. When did Oersted began to investigate? In 1800, Alessandro Volta invented the voltaic pile, the first electrical battery. The following year, in 1801 Oersted began to investigate the nature of electricity and to conduct his first electrical experiments which resulted in Oersted's Law of electromagnetics. How did oersted discover electromagnetism? In 1820, while ...

Mesh Analysis (or Mesh Current Method) is a fundamental technique in electrical circuit analysis used to determine the currents in the loops (meshes) of a circuit. When circuits include current sources, the method has special considerations. This article explains the concept step by step. <h4 class=serif >What is Mesh Analysis?</h4> Mesh analysis is based on Kirchhoff's Voltage Law (KVL): <div class="w3-panel w3-padding w3-leftbar w3-bar-grey">The algebraic sum of voltages around any closed loop in a circuit is zero.</div> In mesh analysis: <ul class=w3-padding style=list-style-type:decimal> <li>Assign a loop current to each independent mesh.</li> <li>Apply KVL around each loop.</li> <li>Solve the resulting simultaneous equations to find the loop currents.</li></ul> Once loop currents ...

The Inferred Absolute Temperature (IAT) is a conceptual reference point used in electrical engineering to simplify how we calculate the resistance of metals at different temperatures. <div class="w3-panel w3-padding w3-leftbar w3-sand">Metals resistance changes with temperature — for most metals, resistance increases with temperature.</div> This change is non-linear over very wide temperature ranges, but for normal operating temperatures, it can be approximated by a straight line. <div class=gap ></div> IAT is the temperature at which this extrapolated straight line would intersect the temperature axis (where resistance becomes zero). Think of it as a “fictional absolute zero” for that material — not the real physical zero, but ...

<h3 class="serif">Electrical Circuit Analysis: Definition & Overview</h3> Electrical Circuit Analysis is the process of calculating all currents and voltages in a network of interconnected electrical components. It helps understand how an electric circuit behaves when elements such as resistors, capacitors, inductors, and sources are connected together. This field is a fundamental part of electrical engineering education and practice, providing the tools needed to design and troubleshoot electrical systems. <div class=gap ></div> Circuit analysis covers the basic elements used to build circuits, the laws that govern electrical behavior, and the mathematical methods used to analyze complex networks. It is essential for students and professionals ...

<h3 class=serif >Introduction</h3> The frequency response of an RC circuit describes how the circuit’s impedance and phase change as the frequency of the applied alternating current (AC) signal varies. RC circuits, composed of a resistor (R) and a capacitor (C) in series, are foundational in analog electronics and signal processing. Their behavior changes significantly with frequency, making them essential in filters, signal conditioning, and frequency-sensitive applications. <h3 class=serif >What Is Frequency Response?</h3> Frequency response refers to a circuit’s behavior when an AC signal of varying frequency is applied. It shows how the magnitude and phase of the output or impedance change with frequency. ...

<h3 class=serif >Introduction</h3> The frequency response of an RC circuit describes how the circuit’s impedance and phase change as the frequency of the applied alternating current (AC) signal varies. RC circuits, composed of a resistor (R) and a capacitor (C) in series, are foundational in analog electronics and signal processing. Their behavior changes significantly with frequency, making them essential in filters, signal conditioning, and frequency-sensitive applications. <h3 class=serif >What Is Frequency Response?</h3> Frequency response refers to a circuit’s behavior when an AC signal of varying frequency is applied. It shows how the magnitude and phase of the output or impedance change with frequency. ...

Georg Simon Ohm (1787-1854), a German physicist, in 1826 experimentally determined the most basic law relating voltage and current for a resistor. Ohm's work was initially denied by critics.
Born of humble beginnings in Erlangen, Bavaria, Ohm threw himself into electrical research. His efforts resulted in his famous law. He was awarded the Copley Medal in 1841 by the Royal Society of London. In 1849, he was given the Professor of Physics chair by the University of Munich. To honor him, the unit of resistance was named the ohm.

Andre-Marie Ampere was a French physicist and mathematician who was one of the founders of the science of classical electromagnetism. His name endures in everyday life in the ampere, the unit for measuring electric current.
On September 18, 1820, introduced a new field of study, electrodynamics, devoted to the effect of electricity in motion, including the interaction between currents in adjoining conductors and the interplay of the surrounding magnetic fields. Constructed the first solenoid and demonstrated how it could behave like a magnet (the first electromagnet). Suggested the name galvanometer for an instrument designed to measure current levels.

Leon Charles Thevenin was a French telegraph engineer who worked on Ohm's law and extended it to the analysis of complicated electrical networks. He is remembered today almost entirely for one small piece of work. His theorem, published in 1883, was based on his study of Kirchhoff's Laws and is found in every basic textbook on electrical circuits. It has made his name familiar to every student of electrical circuits and to every electrical and electronics engineer.

Count Alessandro Volta was a Italian scientist who contributed in the development of an electrical energy source from chemical action in 1800.
For the first time, electrical energy was available on a continuous basis and could be used for practical purposes. He also developed the first condenser known today as the capacitor. He has invited to Paris to demonstrate the voltaic cell to Napoleon. The International Electrical Congress meeting in Paris in 1881 honored his efforts by choosing the volt as the unit of measure for electromotive force.

English scientist, physicist and chemist Michael Faraday is known for his many experiments that contributed greatly to the understanding of electromagnetism. Faraday, who became one of the greatest scientists of the 19th century, began his career as a chemist. His major contribution, however, was in the field of electricity and magnetism . He was the first to produce an electric current from a magnetic field, invented the first electric motor and dynamo.