<h3 class="serif">Introduction to</h3> A storage device is a hardware component that is used to store and retrieve digital data in a computer system. These devices hold information such as program files, documents, multimedia, and operating system data. Storage devices make sure that data can be saved permanently or temporarily and accessed when needed, even after the computer is turned off. <div class="gap"></div> Storage devices form a core part of computer architecture because processing alone cannot retain data. Storage keeps the results of processing safe until they are needed again. Without storage devices, computers would not be able to hold files, applications, or user ...

<h3 class="serif">Introduction</h3> A projector is an advanced visual output device that displays computer-generated images, text, and video onto a large surface such as a screen or wall. It receives digital or analog video signals from a computer and enlarges the visual output using optical and light-processing systems. Projectors are widely used where information must be viewed by multiple users simultaneously. <div class="w3-row w3-center" style="position:relative"><div class="bodyImg" ><img alt="Projector" src="/images/00q.webp"/> <div class="figure"><b>Fig. 1: </b> Projector Unit</div></div></div> In computer systems, projectors function as <b>secondary display devices</b>, extending the visual output beyond the size limitations of monitors. They are commonly integrated with laptops, desktop computers, and multimedia ...

<h3 class="serif"> Introduction</h3> Speakers and headphones are common audio output devices used in computer systems to convert digital audio data into sound that humans can hear. These devices receive processed sound signals from the computer and deliver them as audible output, enabling users to listen to music, dialogues, system alerts, voice chats, and other audio content. <div class="gap"></div> Audio output devices play a key role in providing feedback and enhancing multimedia experiences. Whether you are watching videos, playing games, attending virtual meetings, or listening to music, speakers and headphones ensure that you can hear audio clearly and comfortably. <div class="gap"></div> <h3 class="serif">What Are Speakers?</h3> Speakers are ...

<h3 class="serif">Introduction</h3> Printers are important computer output devices that convert digital information into a permanent physical form known as hard copy. They allow users to obtain printed text, images, charts, and graphics on paper. Unlike monitors, which show temporary output, printers create records that can be stored, shared, signed, or reviewed without the need for a computer or electricity. <div class="gap"></div> Printers play a vital role in offices, educational institutions, banks, hospitals, and homes. Documents such as reports, invoices, assignments, receipts, and photographs are commonly produced using printers. Despite the growth of digital technology, printers remain essential because many official and legal tasks ...

<h3 class="serif">Introduction</h3> Monitors and display devices are crucial computer output components that present visual information to the user in the form of text, graphics, images, and videos. They allow users to see the results of processing tasks, interact with software, and view multimedia content. Monitors are often the primary interface between a user and the computer system. <div class="gap"></div> Display devices convert electrical signals from the computer into visual form. They are used in desktops, laptops, gaming systems, ATMs, kiosks, and many digital screens that people interact with every day. Modern display technologies have evolved significantly, offering higher clarity, faster refresh rates, and ...

Mesh Analysis (or Mesh Current Method) is a fundamental technique in electrical circuit analysis used to determine the currents in the loops (meshes) of a circuit. When circuits include current sources, the method has special considerations. This article explains the concept step by step. <h4 class=serif >What is Mesh Analysis?</h4> Mesh analysis is based on Kirchhoff's Voltage Law (KVL): <div class="w3-panel w3-padding w3-leftbar w3-bar-grey">The algebraic sum of voltages around any closed loop in a circuit is zero.</div> In mesh analysis: <ul class=w3-padding style=list-style-type:decimal> <li>Assign a loop current to each independent mesh.</li> <li>Apply KVL around each loop.</li> <li>Solve the resulting simultaneous equations to find the loop currents.</li></ul> Once loop currents ...

The Inferred Absolute Temperature (IAT) is a conceptual reference point used in electrical engineering to simplify how we calculate the resistance of metals at different temperatures. <div class="w3-panel w3-padding w3-leftbar w3-sand">Metals resistance changes with temperature — for most metals, resistance increases with temperature.</div> This change is non-linear over very wide temperature ranges, but for normal operating temperatures, it can be approximated by a straight line. <div class=gap ></div> IAT is the temperature at which this extrapolated straight line would intersect the temperature axis (where resistance becomes zero). Think of it as a “fictional absolute zero” for that material — not the real physical zero, but ...

<h3 class="serif">Electrical Circuit Analysis: Definition & Overview</h3> Electrical Circuit Analysis is the process of calculating all currents and voltages in a network of interconnected electrical components. It helps understand how an electric circuit behaves when elements such as resistors, capacitors, inductors, and sources are connected together. This field is a fundamental part of electrical engineering education and practice, providing the tools needed to design and troubleshoot electrical systems. <div class=gap ></div> Circuit analysis covers the basic elements used to build circuits, the laws that govern electrical behavior, and the mathematical methods used to analyze complex networks. It is essential for students and professionals ...

<h3 class=serif >Introduction</h3> The frequency response of an RC circuit describes how the circuit’s impedance and phase change as the frequency of the applied alternating current (AC) signal varies. RC circuits, composed of a resistor (R) and a capacitor (C) in series, are foundational in analog electronics and signal processing. Their behavior changes significantly with frequency, making them essential in filters, signal conditioning, and frequency-sensitive applications. <h3 class=serif >What Is Frequency Response?</h3> Frequency response refers to a circuit’s behavior when an AC signal of varying frequency is applied. It shows how the magnitude and phase of the output or impedance change with frequency. ...

<h3 class=serif >Introduction</h3> Ohm’s law is widely known in electrical engineering for explaining the relationship between voltage, current, and resistance. A very similar concept exists in magnetic circuit analysis, where engineers study how magnetic flux is produced and controlled within magnetic materials. This concept is known as Ohm’s Law for Magnetic Circuits, or more formally Hopkinson’s Law. It provides a simple and powerful way to analyze magnetic systems such as transformers, electric motors, generators, relays, and inductors. <h3 class=serif >Concept of a Magnetic Circuit</h3> A magnetic circuit is a closed path followed by magnetic flux. This path usually consists of ferromagnetic materials such ...

Georg Simon Ohm (1787-1854), a German physicist, in 1826 experimentally determined the most basic law relating voltage and current for a resistor. Ohm's work was initially denied by critics.
Born of humble beginnings in Erlangen, Bavaria, Ohm threw himself into electrical research. His efforts resulted in his famous law. He was awarded the Copley Medal in 1841 by the Royal Society of London. In 1849, he was given the Professor of Physics chair by the University of Munich. To honor him, the unit of resistance was named the ohm.

Andre-Marie Ampere was a French physicist and mathematician who was one of the founders of the science of classical electromagnetism. His name endures in everyday life in the ampere, the unit for measuring electric current.
On September 18, 1820, introduced a new field of study, electrodynamics, devoted to the effect of electricity in motion, including the interaction between currents in adjoining conductors and the interplay of the surrounding magnetic fields. Constructed the first solenoid and demonstrated how it could behave like a magnet (the first electromagnet). Suggested the name galvanometer for an instrument designed to measure current levels.

Leon Charles Thevenin was a French telegraph engineer who worked on Ohm's law and extended it to the analysis of complicated electrical networks. He is remembered today almost entirely for one small piece of work. His theorem, published in 1883, was based on his study of Kirchhoff's Laws and is found in every basic textbook on electrical circuits. It has made his name familiar to every student of electrical circuits and to every electrical and electronics engineer.

Count Alessandro Volta was a Italian scientist who contributed in the development of an electrical energy source from chemical action in 1800.
For the first time, electrical energy was available on a continuous basis and could be used for practical purposes. He also developed the first condenser known today as the capacitor. He has invited to Paris to demonstrate the voltaic cell to Napoleon. The International Electrical Congress meeting in Paris in 1881 honored his efforts by choosing the volt as the unit of measure for electromotive force.

English scientist, physicist and chemist Michael Faraday is known for his many experiments that contributed greatly to the understanding of electromagnetism. Faraday, who became one of the greatest scientists of the 19th century, began his career as a chemist. His major contribution, however, was in the field of electricity and magnetism . He was the first to produce an electric current from a magnetic field, invented the first electric motor and dynamo.