Introduction Emerging technologies are new and innovative computing developments that are shaping the future of how people live, work, communicate, and solve problems. These technologies include advanced computing systems, intelligent machines, new forms of digital interaction, and tools that make data processing faster and more efficient. Understanding emerging technologies helps learners and professionals prepare for the next phase of digital evolution. Emerging technologies often combine multiple fields of science and engineering to create new tools that were once considered impossible. They influence industries such as healthcare, education, transportation, manufacturing, and entertainment. Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning Artificial intelligence (AI) refers . . .

Introduction Green computing refers to the practice of designing, using, and disposing of computers, servers, and related systems in a way that reduces environmental impact, conserves energy, and minimizes waste. As the use of technology grows around the world, so does the energy consumption and electronic waste produced by digital devices. Green computing strives to make technology more sustainable by promoting efficient resource use, recycling, and environmentally responsible practices. Green computing benefits organizations, individuals, and the planet by reducing energy costs, lowering carbon emissions, and encouraging responsible behavior. Understanding green computing helps learners appreciate how technology can be both powerful . . .

Introduction Quantum computing is a new and powerful field of computing that uses the principles of quantum mechanics to process information in ways that classical computers cannot. Quantum computers have the potential to solve complex problems much faster than current computers, especially in areas such as cryptography, optimization, material science, and drug discovery. As traditional computing approaches their physical limits, quantum computing represents a major future trend that could reshape technology and research. Understanding quantum computing helps learners and professionals prepare for the next wave of computing innovation. This article explains what quantum computing is, how it works, its applications, . . .

Introduction The Internet of Things (IoT) refers to a network of physical devices, vehicles, appliances, sensors, and other objects that are connected to the internet and communicate with each other. These devices collect and exchange data, enabling intelligent decision making, automation, and remote control. IoT is transforming how people live, work, and interact with technology by making everyday objects smarter and more responsive. IoT technology connects billions of devices around the world, creating a system where machines can sense, respond, and adapt without human intervention. It has applications in homes, industries, transportation, healthcare, agriculture, cities, and environmental monitoring. Understanding IoT . . .

Introduction Artificial Intelligence (AI) is one of the most important and rapidly growing areas of computing. It refers to technology that enables machines and software to perform tasks that normally require human intelligence, such as learning from data, understanding language, recognizing patterns, and making decisions. AI is shaping the future of computing by making systems smarter, more efficient, and able to solve complex problems across many industries. From voice assistants that understand speech to self-driving cars that navigate roads, AI is transforming how people live and work. It combines ideas from computer science, mathematics, data analysis, and cognitive science to . . .

Mesh Analysis (or Mesh Current Method) is a fundamental technique in electrical circuit analysis used to determine the currents in the loops (meshes) of a circuit. When circuits include current sources, the method has special considerations. This article explains the concept step by step. What is Mesh Analysis? Mesh analysis is based on Kirchhoff's Voltage Law (KVL): The algebraic sum of voltages around any closed loop in a circuit is zero. In mesh analysis: Assign a loop current to each independent mesh. Apply KVL around each loop. Solve the resulting simultaneous equations to find the loop currents. Once loop currents are known, branch currents and voltages across elements ...

Electrical Engineering is one of the oldest and most dynamic fields of engineering, playing a crucial role in shaping the modern world. It involves the study, design, and application of electrical systems, electronics, and electromagnetism. From powering homes and industries to enabling advanced communication networks, electrical engineering touches almost every aspect of daily life. Over time, the field has evolved into several specialized branches, each focusing on a specific area of technology, such as power systems, electronics, telecommunications, and control systems. Understanding these branches helps students, professionals, and enthusiasts to choose their area of interest and contribute to technological ...

What Is Magnetizing Force? Magnetizing force (symbol H) — also called magnetic field intensity — is a measure of the strength of the magnetic field created by a current‑carrying conductor or coil. It describes how strongly a magnetic field can magnetize a material or establish magnetic flux in a magnetic circuit. The greater the magnetizing force, the stronger the resulting magnetic field in the material. In simple terms, H represents the magnetic “effort” produced by electric current to set up a magnetic field along a path. Basic Definition & Formula The magnetizing force is defined as the magnetomotive force (MMF) per unit length of ...

Introduction Ladder networks are one of the fundamental circuit configurations used in electrical and electronics engineering. These networks are called ladder networks because their circuit structure resembles a physical ladder, where series elements form the vertical sides and shunt elements form the horizontal steps. Ladder networks are widely applied in filter design, impedance matching, digital-to-analog converters, and transmission systems due to their simplicity, modular nature, and predictable behavior. What Is a Ladder Network? A ladder network is an electrical circuit made by arranging components such as resistors, capacitors, and inductors in a repeating series–shunt pattern. In this configuration, one component is connected in ...

Introduction In today’s digital era, computers have become an indispensable part of government operations across the world. Governments are responsible for managing vast populations, complex administrative systems, national resources, and public services. Performing these tasks manually is slow, costly, and prone to errors. Computers have transformed traditional government systems into efficient, transparent, and citizen-friendly digital platforms. From policy planning to public service delivery, computers now form the backbone of modern governance. Administrative Efficiency and Digital Record Management Government departments maintain enormous amounts of data related to citizens, land, finance, employees, and legal matters. Computers help in: Storing large volumes of data in digital databases Fast ...

Leon Charles Thevenin was a French telegraph engineer who worked on Ohm's law and extended it to the analysis of complicated electrical networks. He is remembered today almost entirely for one small piece of work. His theorem, published in 1883, was based on his study of Kirchhoff's Laws and is found in every basic textbook on electrical circuits. It has made his name familiar to every student of electrical circuits and to every electrical and electronics engineer.

Count Alessandro Volta was a Italian scientist who contributed in the development of an electrical energy source from chemical action in 1800.
For the first time, electrical energy was available on a continuous basis and could be used for practical purposes. He also developed the first condenser known today as the capacitor. He has invited to Paris to demonstrate the voltaic cell to Napoleon. The International Electrical Congress meeting in Paris in 1881 honored his efforts by choosing the volt as the unit of measure for electromotive force.

Georg Simon Ohm (1787-1854), a German physicist, in 1826 experimentally determined the most basic law relating voltage and current for a resistor. Ohm's work was initially denied by critics.
Born of humble beginnings in Erlangen, Bavaria, Ohm threw himself into electrical research. His efforts resulted in his famous law. He was awarded the Copley Medal in 1841 by the Royal Society of London. In 1849, he was given the Professor of Physics chair by the University of Munich. To honor him, the unit of resistance was named the ohm.

English scientist, physicist and chemist Michael Faraday is known for his many experiments that contributed greatly to the understanding of electromagnetism. Faraday, who became one of the greatest scientists of the 19th century, began his career as a chemist. His major contribution, however, was in the field of electricity and magnetism . He was the first to produce an electric current from a magnetic field, invented the first electric motor and dynamo.

Andre-Marie Ampere was a French physicist and mathematician who was one of the founders of the science of classical electromagnetism. His name endures in everyday life in the ampere, the unit for measuring electric current.
On September 18, 1820, introduced a new field of study, electrodynamics, devoted to the effect of electricity in motion, including the interaction between currents in adjoining conductors and the interplay of the surrounding magnetic fields. Constructed the first solenoid and demonstrated how it could behave like a magnet (the first electromagnet). Suggested the name galvanometer for an instrument designed to measure current levels.