1. Basic Circuit Elements
- 1.1. Active Circuit Elements
- 1.2. Passive Circuit Elements
2. Resistance
- 2.1. Resistance: Circular Wires
- 2.2. Temperature Effect
- 2.3. Resistor
- 2.4. Color coding and Standard Resistor Values
- 2.5. Ohmmeter
- 2.6. Resistance: Metric Units
3. Ohms Law, Power and Energy
- 3.1. Energy
- 3.2. Power
- 3.3. Wattmeters
- 3.4. Efficiency
4. Series DC Circuits
- 4.1. Series Circuit
- 4.2. Circuit Instrumentation
- 4.3. Series Circuit Power Distribution
- 4.4. Series Voltage Sources
- 4.5. Kirchhoffs Voltage Law
- 4.6. Voltage Division in a Series Circuit
- 4.7. Interchanging Series Elements
- 4.8. Circuit Analysis Notation
- - 4.8.1. Single and Double Subscript Notation
- 4.9. Internal Resistance of Voltage Sources
- 4.10. Voltage Regulation
- 4.11. Loading Effects of Instruments
5. Parallel DC Circuits
- 5.1. Parallel Circuits
- 5.2. Power Distribution
- 5.3. Kirchhoffs Current law
- 5.4. Current Divider Rule
- 5.5. Voltage Sources in Parallel
- 5.6. Open and Short Circuits
- 5.7. Voltmeter Loading Effect
- 5.8. Troubleshooting Techniques
- 5.9. Parallel DC Circuits Applications
6. Series Parallel Circuits
- 6.1. Reduce and Return Approach
- 6.2. Block Diagram Approach
- 6.3. Ladder Networks
- 6.4. Voltage Divider Supply (Loaded and Unloaded)
- 6.5. Potentiometer Loading
- 6.6. Iron Vane Movement
7. Methods of Analysis
- 7.1. Current Sources
- 7.2. Branch Current Analysis
- 7.3. Mesh Analysis
- 7.4. Mesh Analysis with Current Sources
- 7.5. Nodal Analysis
- 7.6. Nodal Analysis with Voltage Sources
- 7.7. Bridge Networks
- 7.8. Wye Delta Transformation
8. Network Theorems
- 8.1. Linearity Property
- 8.2. Superposition Theorem
- 8.3. Thevenins Theorem
- 8.4. Nortons Theorem
- 8.5. Maximum Power Transfer Theorem
- 8.6. Millmans Theorem
- 8.7. Substitution Theorem
- 8.8. Reciprocity Theorem
- 8.9. Application of Maximum Power Transfer Method
9. Capacitors
- 9.1. Capacitance
- 9.2. Types of capacitor
- 9.3. Capacitor Charging Phase
- 9.4. Capacitor Discharging Phase
- 9.5. Initial Conditions
- 9.6. Instantaneous Values
- 9.7. Thevenin Equivalent Circuit
- 9.8. Current through capacitor
- 9.9. Capacitors in series and parallel
- 9.10. Energy Stored by a Capacitor
- 9.11. Stray Capacitance
10. Magnetic Circuits
- 10.1. Magnetic Flux Density
- 10.2. Permeability
- 10.3. Magnetic Reluctance
- 10.4. Ohms Law for Magnetic Circuits
- 10.5. Magnetizing Force
- 10.6. Hysteresis Curve
- 10.7. Domain Theory of Magnetism
- 10.8. Amperes Circuital Law
- 10.9. Series Magnetic Circuits
- 10.10. Magnetic Circuit Air Gaps
- 10.11. Series Parallel Magnetic Circuits
- 10.12. Application of Magnetic circuits
11. Inductors
- 11.1. Faradays Law of Induction
- 11.2. Lenz law
- 11.3. Self Inductance
- 11.4. Types of Inductors
- 11.5. Inductor values
- 11.6. Induced Voltage
- 11.7. RL Transients (storage cycle)
- 11.8. Initial Values
- 11.9. RL Transients (decay cycle)
- 11.10. Thevenin Equivalent Circuit of Inductor
- 11.11. Inductors in Series and Parallel
- 11.12. RL and RLC Circuits with DC Inputs
- 11.13. Energy Stored by an Inductor
- 11.14. Application of inductors
12. Sinusoidal Alternating Waveforms
- 12.1. Sinusoidal AC Voltage Generation
- 12.2. Sinusoidal AC Waveform Definitions
- 12.3. The Sine Wave
- 12.4. General Format for the Sinusoidal Voltage or Current
- 12.5. Sinusoidal Waveforms Phase Relations
- 12.6. Average Value
- 12.7. Effective or Root Mean Square (rms) Values
- 12.8. AC meters and Instruments
13. The Basic Elements and Phasors
- 13.1. The Derivative
- 13.2. Response of Resistor to a Sinusoidal Voltage
- 13.3. Response of Inductor to a Sinusoidal Voltage
- 13.4. Response of Capacitor to a Sinusoidal Voltage
- 13.5. Frequency Effects on L and C in DC Circuits
- 13.6. Frequency Response of the Basic Elements
- 13.7. Sinusoidal Voltage Average Power
- 13.8. AC Power Factor
- 13.9. Complex Numbers
- 13.10. Phasors
14. Series and Parallel ac Circuits
- 14.1. Impedance and the Phasor Diagram
- 14.2. AC Series Configuration
- 14.3. AC Circuits Voltage divider rule
- 14.4. Frequency Response of the RC Circuit
- 14.5. SUMMARY of Series ac Circuits
- 14.6. Admittance and Susceptance
- 14.7. Parallel ac Networks
- 14.8. AC Circuits Current Divider Rule
- 14.9. Frequency Response of the Parallel RL Network
- 14.10. Parallel ac Networks Summary
- 14.11. AC Equivalent Circuit
- 14.12. Phase Shift Measurement with Dual Trace Oscilloscope
- 14.13. Application of Series and Parallel ac Circuits
- - 14.13.1. Home Wiring
  - 14.13.2. Speaker Systems
15. Methods of Analysis of AC Network
- 15.1. Independent Versus Dependent Controlled Sources
- 15.2. Source Conversion of ac Circuits
- 15.3. Mesh Analysis for ac Circuits
- 15.4. Nodal Analysis for ac Circuits
- 15.5. AC Bridge Networks
- 15.6. Ac Wye Delta Transformation
16. AC Network Theorem
- 16.1. Superposition Theorem (ac)
- 16.2. Thevenins Theorem (ac)
- 16.3. Nortons Theorem (ac)
- 16.4. Maximum Power Transfer Theorem (ac)
17. Power (AC)
- 17.1. Resistive (AC) Circuit Power Calculation
- 17.2. Apparent Power
- 17.3. Inductive Circuit and Reactive Power
- 17.4. Capacitive Circuit
- 17.5. The Power Triangle
- 17.6. The Total P, Q and S
- 17.7. Power Factor Correction
- 17.8. Wattmeters and Power Factor Meters
- 17.9. Effective Resistance
18. Resonance
- 18.1. Series Resonant Circuit
- 18.2. The Quality Factor (Q)
- 18.3. Total Impedance Versus Frequency
- 18.4. Selectivity of Frequency
- 18.5. Magnitudes of Voltages across RLC versus Frequency
- 18.6. Examples of Series Resonance Circuits
- 18.7. Parallel Resonant Circuit
- - 18.7.1. Resonace Frequency of a Parallel Resonant Circuit
- 18.8. Selectivity Curve for Parallel Resonant Circuits
- 18.9. Effect of Quality Factor greater than or Equal to 10
- 18.10. Examples of Parallel Resonance
- 18.11. Applications of Resonance Circuits
19. Transformer
- 19.1. Mutual Inductance
- 19.2. The Iron Core Transformer
- 19.3. Reflected Impedance and Power
- - 19.3.1. Transformer as a Impedance Matching
  - 19.3.2. Transformer as an Isolation Device
- 19.4. Iron Core Transformer Equivalent Circuit
- 19.5. Transformer Frequency Considerations
- 19.6. Series Connection of Mutually Coupled Coils
- 19.7. Air Core Transformer
- 19.8. Transformer Nameplate Data
- 19.9. Types of Transformers
- 19.10. Tapped and Multiple Load Transformers
- 19.11. Networks with Magnetically Coupled Coils
- 19.12. Applications of Transformer
- - 19.12.1. Transformer for Low Voltage Compensation
  - 19.12.2. Ballast Transformer
20. Polyphase Systems
- 20.1. The Three Phase Generator
- 20.2. The Y Connected Generator
- - 20.2.1. Phase Sequence (Y CONNECTED GENERATOR)
  - 20.2.2. Y connected Generator connected to a Y connected load
- 20.3. The Y Delta System
- 20.4. The Delta Connected Generator
- 20.5. The Delta Delta, Delta Y Three Phase Systems
- 20.6. Power Calculation of Y Connected Balanced Load
- 20.7. Power Calculation of Delta Connected Balanced Load
- 20.8. The Three Wattmeter Method
- 20.9. The Two Wattmeter Method
- 20.10. Unbalanced Three phase Four wire, Y Connected Load
- 20.11. Unbalanced, Three phase, Three wire, Y Connected Load
21. Frequency Response
- 21.1. Logarithm
- 21.2. Decibels
- 21.3. Transfer Function
- 21.4. Filters
- 21.5. Bode Plots
- - 21.5.1. High Pass RC Filter
  - 21.5.2. Low Pass RC Filter
- 21.6. Sketching the Bode Response
- 21.7. Low Pass Filter with Limited Attenuation
- 21.8. High Pass Filter with Limited Attenuation
- 21.9. Crossover Networks
- 21.10. Application of Filters
- - 21.10.1. Attenuators
  - 21.10.2. Noise Filters
22. Pulse Waveform and the RC Response
- 22.1. Ideal versus Actual Pulse Waveform
- 22.2. Properties of a Pulse Waveform
- 22.3. Pulse Repetition Rate and Duty Cycle
- 22.4. Average Value of a Pulse Waveform
- 22.5. Transient in RC Network
- 22.6. RC Response to Square Wave Inputs
- 22.7. Oscilloscope Attenuator
- 22.8. Compensating Attenuator Probe
- 22.9. Application of Pulse Waveform
23. The Laplace Transform
- 23.1. Properties of The Laplace Transform
- 23.2. List of the Properties of The Laplace Transform
- 23.3. Examples of The Laplace Transform
- 23.4. The Inverse Laplace Transform
- 23.5. Examples of The Inverse Laplace Transform
- 23.6. Circuit Application of The Laplace Transform
- 23.7. Transfer Function of The Laplace Transform
- 23.8. The Convolution Integral
- 23.9. Application to Integrodifferential Equations
- 23.10. Application of The Laplace Transform to the Network Stability
- 23.11. Application of The Laplace Transform to the Network Synthesis
24. The Fourier Series
- 24.1. Trigonometric Fourier Series
- 24.2. Symmetry Considerations of The Fourier Series
- 24.3. Common Functions of The Fourier Series
- 24.4. Circuit Application of The Fourier Series
- 24.5. Average Power and RMS Values of The Fourier Series
- 24.6. Exponential Fourier Series
- 24.7. Application of the Fourier Series to Spectrum Analyzers
- 24.8. Application of the Fourier Series to Filters
25. Fourier Transform
- 25.1. Properties of the Fourier Transform
- 25.2. Examples of the Fourier Transform
- 25.3. Examples of the Inverse Fourier Transform
- 25.4. Circuit Application of the Fourier Transform
- 25.5. Parsevals Theorem
- 25.6. Comparing the Fourier and Laplace Transform
- 25.7. Application of the Fourier Transform to the Amplitude Modulation
- 25.8. Application of the Fourier Transform to the Sampling
26. Two Port Networks
- 26.1. Impedance Parameters
- 26.2. Admittance Parameters
- 26.3. Hybrid Parameters
- 26.4. Transmission Parameters
- 26.5. Relationships between Parameters
- 26.6. Interconnection of Networks
- 26.7. Application of the Two Port Networks to the Transistor Circuits
- 26.8. Application of the Two Port Networks to the Ladder Network Synthesis
27. Nonsinusoidal Circuits
- 27.1. Circuit Response to a Nonsinusoidal Input
- 27.2. Addition and Subtraction of Nonsinusoidal Waveforms

Wattmeters

Electrical Circuit Analysis > Ohms Law, Power and Energy

As one might expect, there are instruments that can measure the power delivered by a source and to a dissipative element. One such instrument, the wattmeter, appears in Fig. 1.

Fig. 1: Wattmeter.

Since power is a function of both the current and the voltage levels, four terminals must be connected as shown in Fig. 2 to measure the power to the resistor R.

Fig. 2: Wattmeter connections.

If the current coils (CC) and potential coils (PC) of the wattmeter are connected as shown in Fig. 2, there will be an up-scale reading on the wattmeter. A reversal of either coil will result in a below-zero indication. Three voltage terminals may be available on the voltage side to permit a choice of voltage levels. On most wattmeters, the current terminals are physically larger than the voltage terminals to provide safety and to ensure a solid connection.

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