Nortons Theorem (ac)

The methods described for Thevenin's theorem will each be altered to permit their use with Norton's theorem. Since the Thevenin and Norton impedances are the same for a particular network, certain portions of the discussion will be quite similar to those encountered in the previous section. We will first consider independent sources and the approach developed in Chapter 8 (Network-Theorems), followed by dependent sources and the new techniques developed for Thevenin's theorem. You will recall from Chapter 8 that Norton's theorem allows us to replace any two-terminal linear bilateral ac network with an equivalent circuit consisting of a current source and an impedance, as in Fig. 1. The Norton equivalent circuit, like the Thevenin equivalent circuit, is applicable at only one frequency since the reactances are frequency dependent.

Independent Sources

The procedure outlined below to find the Norton equivalent of a sinusoidal ac network is changed (from that in Chapter 8) in only one respect: the replacement of the term resistance with the term impedance.

• Remove that portion of the network across which the Norton equivalent circuit is to be found.
• Mark the terminals of the remaining two-terminal network.
• Calculate $Z_N$ by first setting all voltage and current sources to zero (short circuit and open circuit, respectively) and then finding the resulting impedance between the two marked terminals.
• Calculate $I_N$ by first replacing the voltage and current sources and then finding the short-circuit current between the marked terminals.
• Draw the Norton equivalent circuit with the portion of the circuit previously removed replaced between the terminals of the Norton equivalent circuit.

The Norton and Thevenin equivalent circuits can be found from each other by using the source transformation shown in Fig. 2. The source transformation is applicable for any Thevenin or Norton equivalent circuit determined from a network with any combination of independent or dependent sources.

Dependent Sources

As stated for Thevenins theorem, dependent sources in which the controlling variable is not determined by the network for which the Norton equivalent circuit is to be found do not alter the procedure outlined above. For dependent sources of the other kind, one of the following procedures must be applied. Both of these procedures can also be applied to networks with any combination of independent sources and dependent sources not controlled by the network under investigation. The Norton equivalent circuit appears in [Fig. 8(a)]. In [Fig. 8(b)], we find that and in [Fig. 8(c)] that Or, rearranging, we have